Understanding eyesight (macular) degeneration

Macular degeneration, often referred to as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a progressive eye condition that affects the central part of the retina, called the macula. This region is responsible for our central vision, allowing us to see fine details, recognise faces, and read.

Macular degeneration is primarily associated with ageing, typically affecting people over 50. However, it’s essential to understand that macular degeneration isn’t a single condition but rather a term encompassing two main types: dry and wet macular degeneration.

Dry Macular Degeneration

Dry macular degeneration is the more common form, accounting for about 90% of cases. It’s characterised by a gradual thinning of the macula as part of the natural ageing process. Think of it as wear and tear on your retina over time. This form of the condition typically progresses slowly, and vision loss occurs gradually.

Currently, there is no approved treatment to reverse dry macular degeneration.

Wet Macular Degeneration

Wet macular degeneration, while less common (affecting only about 10% of macular degeneration patients), is more severe and can lead to rapid vision loss if left untreated. In this form, abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina. These vessels are fragile and can leak fluid or blood, leading to scarring and rapid damage to the macula. It’s worth noting that wet macular degeneration almost always starts as the dry form before progressing.

For wet macular degeneration, treatment involves regular anti-VGEF injections to slow the progression of the degeneration.

What Causes Macular Degeneration?

While the exact cause of macular degeneration isn’t fully understood, several risk factors have been identified including smoking. This habit significantly increases the risk and can speed up progression.

Recognising the Symptoms

Early detection of macular degeneration is crucial for managing the condition effectively. The earlier you diagnose wet macular degeneration, the better the prognosis. However, macular degeneration may not present noticeable symptoms in its early stages. As it progresses, you might experience:

Blurred or fuzzy vision
Difficulty recognising faces
Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted
A dark or empty area in the centre of your vision
Difficulty adapting to low light levels
Decreased colour intensity

If you notice any sudden changes in your vision, such as a dark blob appearing in your central vision or any distortion (like straight lines appearing crooked or zigzagged), it’s crucial to see an eye care professional immediately.

Regular eye check-ups are vital, especially if you have a family history of macular degeneration or other risk factors. Many opticians now offer OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) scans, which can detect early signs of macular degeneration before symptoms become noticeable. You should be able to check whether your optician offers OCT scans before making your appointment.

By Saanan Umeed, Medical Retina Consultant, Midland Eye

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Saanan Umeed is a Medical Retina Consultant at Midland Eye. Midland Eye was founded by four ophthalmic surgeons who wanted to provide patients with a comprehensive, specialist service for the diagnosis and treatment of all eye conditions. The team are leaders in their field and offer a consultant-only service to all patients requiring eye care or surgery. Every consultant is qualified to treat common eye conditions such as cataracts but each one also has a particular area of specialisation, ensuring that patients get the best possible outcome, no matter what the diagnosis. Private patients can benefit from access to collaborative care and facilities with the latest and best technology. The clinic’s approach is designed to be convenient for people who lead busy lives and have limited time to seek medical advice and treatment.